AwZ cÉvPxbKvGjI ivÓ¡Ëxq wbq¯¨Y ‰es ivRÕ¼ msMÉGni Õ¼vG^Æ mgMÉ ivÓ¡ËGK KwZcq eÅeÕ©vcbvGhvMÅ ‰KGK fvM Kiv nGZv| myjZvwb AvgGji kvmKG`i wbKU ˆm mgGq cÉPwjZ cÉkvmwbK AeKvVvGgv KvhÆKi eGj weGewPZ nIqvq Zviv ivÓ¡Ëxq wbq¯¨Y c«¬wZ ‰es AeKvVvGgvGZ wKQyUv cwieZÆb mvab KGi cyivZb eÅeÕ©vi gvaÅGg ivRÕ¼ Av`vq eÅeÕ©v Pvjy ivGL| gyMj AvgGj ˆRjv cÉkvmb AeKvVvGgvGZ KwZcq ˆgŒwjK cwieZÆb Avbv nq| Zviv mgMÉ ivRÅGK e†nîi ˆRjv ev miKvGi wefî× KGi ‰es miKviàwjGK ˆRjvq ‰es ˆRjvGK ciMbvq fvM KGi| ‰ ciMbvàwj ˆek KwU ˆgŒRv mg¯¼Gq MwVZ nGZv| weËwUk kvmGbi cÉ^gw`GK gyMj cÉwZwÓ¤Z KwZcq ciMbv mg¯¼Gq ‰KwU cÉkvmwbK ‰KK Õ©vcb Kiv nq ‰es Dî× ‰KGKi bvg ˆ`Iqv nq ˆRjv| ‰ c«¬wZ weËwUk kvmGbi cyGiv mgq RyGoB Pvjy wQj| ‰wU eZÆgvb ˆRjv cÉkvmb c«¬wZi cÉvq Abyi…c| cÉvPxbKvGj cçvGqZ ev MÉvg cÉkvmGbi Õ©vbxq ‰KK ‰KwU kwî×kvjx kvmb I wbq¯¨Y gvaÅg wQj| jWÆ KbÆIqvwjm ‰K AvBGbi gvaÅGg (1793) ˆKvb cÉKvi weK͸ cÉwZÓ¤vb eÅwZGiGKB kwî×kvjx I KvhÆKi gvV cÉkvmGbi ‰KKwUi `vµ¦wiK wejywµ¦ ˆNvlYv KGib| djkÉ‚wZGZ MÉvgxY ‰jvKvq AvBb-k†›Ljv cwiwÕ©wZi gvivZÄK AebwZ ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| AvBb-k†›Ljvi AebwZ ˆivaKG͸ ‰es mvgwMÉKfvGe MÉvg chÆvGq ‰KwU cÉkvmwbK wfwî `uvo KivGbvi Õ¼vG^Æ 1870 mvGj ˆPŒwK`vwi AvBb cÉeZÆb Kiv nq| ‰i gvaÅGg KGqKwU MÉvg wbGq ‰KwU BDwbqb MVb Kiv nq ‰es cÉwZwU BDwbqbGK Avevi IqvGWÆ wefvRb Kiv nq| ‰ mKj BDwbqGbi KvR wQj AvBb-k†›Ljv cwiwÕ©wZi Dci bRi ivLv| cÉv^wgKfvGe ÷aygvò AvBb-k†›Ljv cwiwÕ©wZi Dci bRi ivLvi RbÅ BDwbqGbi m†wÓ¡ nGjI ‰B BDwbqbB cieZÆx mgGq Õ©vbxq miKvGii cÉv^wgK ‰KK wnGmGe cwiMwYZ nq| jWÆ wicGbi kvmbKvGj (1980-84) Õ©vbxq miKvi c«¬wZGK BDwbqb ˆevWÆ, ˆcŒimfv, ivRÕ¼ mvGKÆj cÉf‡wZ MVGbi gvaÅGg AviI kwî×kvjx Kiv nq|

cÉwZÓ¤vi mƒPbvjG™² ˆRjv chÆvGq KgÆKZÆv wQGjb gvò wZbRb| Zviv nGjb ˆRjv I `vqiv RR, ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙi ‰es cywjk mycvi| AekÅ cieZÆx mgGq ˆRjv chÆvGq AviI AGbK weGklvwqZ wefvM m†wÓ¡ Kiv nq| DcGivî× 3wU KvhÆwfwîK wefvGMi gGaÅ ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙi wQGjb ˆRjvi cÉavb wbeÆvnx| wZwb wePvi, cywjk ‰es ivRÕ¼ Av`vq msò×v¯¦ AMva ÞgZvi AwaKvix wQGjb| ‰Z`&mGî½I wePvi wefvMxq ÞgZv cÉGqvGMi ˆÞGò wZwb ˆRjv ‰es `vqiv RGRi AaÕ¦b wQGjb| cÉkvmwbK ‰es ivRÕ¼ msò×v¯¦ welGq ÞgZv cÉGqvGMi ˆÞGò ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙi wefvMxq KwgkbvGii wbq¯¨Y Zî½veavb I wbG`Ækbvq cwiPvwjZ nGZb| Abyi…cfvGe cywjk mycvi Dc-gnv cywjk cwi`kÆGKi wbq¯¨Y ‰es wbG`ÆGk cwiPvwjZ nGZb| JcwbGewkK kvmbvgGj Dc-gnv cywjk cwi`kÆKG`i AvIZvfzî× ‰jvKvGK ˆié bvGg AwfwnZ Kiv nGZv| ‰ ˆiémgƒGni ˆfŒGMvwjK AvqZb cÉkvmwbK wefvGMi AvqZGbi Zzjbvq Kg ev ˆewk nGZ cviZ| ˆRjv I `vqiv RR nvBGKvGUÆi Zî½veavGb I wbq¯¨GY `vwqZ½ cvjb KiGZb|

ˆLv` weËwUk JcwbGek AvgGjI gvV cÉkvmb `ywU gƒj RbwnZKi KvGRi `vwqZ½ cvjb KiZ| Zvi gGaÅ ‰KwU wQj `ywfÆÞ msò×v¯¦ weGkl `vwqZ½| gvV cÉkvmbGK `yGhÆvM-cƒeÆ I cieZÆx mgGq `vwqZ½ cvjb KiGZ nGZv| RbwnZKi KvGRi w«¼ZxqwU wQj K‡wl FGYi h^vh^ weZiY wbwøZ Kiv ‰es ˆUÕ¡ wiwjd IqvGKÆi gvaÅGg `wi`ËG`i RbÅ KgÆmsÕ©vb Kiv| KvGRB ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, AvBb-k†›Ljv cwiwÕ©wZi wbq¯¨Y ‰es f„wg-ivRÕ¼ Av`vq, ‰ `ywU gƒj KvR QvovI ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙi ˆRjvi cÉavb wbeÆvnx wnGmGe ˆek KGqKwU RbKjÅvYgƒjK KvGRi mGã RwoZ wQGjb|

ˆRjv chÆvGqi wefvMxq KgÆKZÆve†±` wbR wbR wefvMxq cÉavGbi cÉkvmwbK wbq¯¨GY KvR KiGZb| wbq¯¨GYi ‰ wf®²Zv ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙGii mGã ˆRjv chÆvGqi AbÅvbÅ wefvMxq KgÆKZÆvG`i mÁ·GKÆ weZGKÆi R¯Ã ˆ`q| gG´Ÿà-ˆPgm&GdvWÆ wiGcvUÆ ˆek `ÞZvi mGã cviÕ·wiK mÁ·KÆ msò×v¯¦ weZGKÆi Aemvb NUvq| ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙi weGklvwqZ ˆmevgƒjK wefvGM KgÆiZ ˆRjv chÆvGqi KgÆKZÆvG`i mGã Ea»ÆZb-AaÕ¦b i…Gc mÁ·wKÆZ wQGjb bv| ˆm mgq ˆRjvcÉkvmb I AbÅvbÅ gvV chÆvGqi (ˆRjv chÆvGqi) KgÆKZÆve†±` KvGRi ˆÞGò ciÕ·i Õ¼vaxb wQGjb| wK¯§ JcwbGewkK kvmbvgGji ˆkl chÆvGq ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙGii c`wU Õ©vbxq miKvi ‰es cÍÏx D®²qb msò×v¯¦ KvGRi RbÅ AZxe ài‚Z½cƒYÆ nGq IGV| ivDjÅvG´£i ˆbZ‡GZ½ MwVZ Kwgkb KZ‡ÆK ˆckK‡Z cÉwZGe`Gb ‘ˆeãj AÅvWwgwbGÕ¡ËwUf ‰bGKvqvwi KwgwU, 1945’ envj ivLvi mycvwik Kiv nq| Õ©vbxq miKvi I cÍÏx D®²qb msò×v¯¦ welGq ˆRjv cÉkvmGbi ‰ f„wgKv 1947 mvGj Õ¼vaxb ivÓ¡Ë wnGmGe ZrKvjxb cvwKÕ¦vb I fviGZi AfzÅ`Gqi cGiI AeÅvnZ ^vGK|

1960 mvGj Õ©vbxq miKvi eÅeÕ©vq ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb Avbv nq| ‰ cwieZÆb mƒwPZ nq ˆgŒwjK MYZ¯¨ cÉeZÆGbi gvaÅGg| ‰ mgq ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙiGK ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi bvgKiY Kiv nq| ejv nGq ^vGK ˆh, ˆm mgq miKvwi mÁ·G`i Kvw›ÞZ eÅenvi wbwøZ Kivi RbÅ ‰ c«¬wZ Pvjy Kiv nGqwQj| ‰ c«¬wZGZ wbeÆvwPZ MYcÉwZwbwa I h^vh^ cÉwkÞYcÉvµ¦ miKvGii wewf®² wefvGMi KgÆKZÆvG`i gvV cÉkvmGbi mKj chÆvGq cwil` MVGbi gvaÅGg ‰KwòZ Kiv nq| AZtci gvV chÆvGqi AvgjvG`i MÉvgxY RbGMvÓ¤xi `vwe-`vIqv ˆgUvGbv ‰es Avkv-AvKv›Þv cƒiGYi `vwqZ½ AcÆY Kiv nq| ‰ KviGY ˆgŒwjK MYZ¯¨ ‰K aiGbi wbG`ÆwkZ MYZ¯¨ wnGmGe cieZÆx mgGq mgvGjvwPZ nGqGQ|

1971 mvGj evsjvG`Gki AfzÅ`Gqi mGã mGã gvV cÉkvmGbi KvhÆKvwiZv cybi‚«¬vGii cÉGqvRb cÉejfvGe Abyf„Z nq| ‰ mgq evsjvG`k miKvi ˆemvgwiK cÉkvmb KvhÆKifvGe cybi‚«¬vGii Õ¼vG^Æ ‘ˆemvgwiK cÉkvmb cybi‚«¬vi KwgwU’ bvGg ‰KwU KwgwU MVb KGi| ‰ KwgwU AbÅvGbÅi gGaÅ Ri‚ix wfwîGZ gvV cÉkvmbGK myk†›Lj Kivi mycvwik KGi| ‰ mycvwiGk gvV cÉkvmGbi AeKvVvGgv I KvhÆvewj cÉvq AÞzY³ ivLv nq|

gvV cÉkvmGbi cybi‚«¬vGii mGã Õ©vbxq miKvi c«¬wZi KvhÆKi cÉGqvM MfxifvGe mÁ·wKÆZ wQj| ZvrÞwYK c`GÞc wnGmGe ‰ mgGq miKvi KwZcq Õ©vbxq miKvi cwil` Aejyµ¦ ˆNvlYv KGi| ÷aygvò ˆRjv cwil` ‰es BDwbqb cwilG` `ywU Õ©vbxq miKvi cÉwZÓ¤vbGKB AÞzY³ ivLv nq| Dî× AvG`Gk ^vbv cwil` ev wefvMxq cwil` mÁ·GKÆ wKQy ejv nq wb| ‰GZ AbywgZ nq ˆh, ZrKvjxb cÉkvmb BDwbqb cwil` I ˆRjv cwil` eÅZxZ AbÅ ˆKvb Õ©vbxq miKvi cwilG`i AwÕ¦Z½ ^vKzK Zv  Pvb wb| ‰ mgq BDwbqb KvDw´Öj ‰es ˆRjv KvDw´ÖjGK h^vò×Gg BDwbqb cçvGqZ I ˆRjv KvDw´Öj bvgKiY Kiv nq| mvaviY wbeÆvPGbi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ gnKzgv cÉkvmKMYGK wbR wbR ˆfŒGMvwjK mxgvbvi A¯¦MÆZ BDwbqbmgƒGn cÉkvmK wbGqvGMi ÞgZv AcÆY Kiv nq| ˆRjv ˆevWÆmgƒGn KwgwU MVGbi cƒeÆ chƯ¦ ˆevGWÆi KvhÆvewj cwiPvjbvi RbÅ miKvi cÉkvmK wbGqvM KGi| 1972 mvGji 28 ˆdeË‚qvwii ivÓ¡ËcwZi 17 bs AvG`keGj Õ©vbxq miKvi AvBb msGkvab Kiv nq| ‰ msGkvabxi gvaÅGg ˆWcywU KwgkbviGK ^vbv D®²qb KwgwUGZ ˆjvK wbGqvMcƒeÆK Zv cybMÆVGbi ÞgZv cÉ`vb Kiv nq| wK¯§ cieZÆx mgGq ‰K mvKÆyjvGii gvaÅGg ˆK±`Êxq AvBb cwilG` wbeÆvwPZ msm` m`mÅG`i, Z^v ivR‹bwZK eÅwî×eMÆGK wbGq ^vbv D®²qb KwgwU MVGbi weZwKÆZ AvG`k Rvwi Kiv nq| 1972 mvGj RvwiK‡Z Aci ‰K mvKzÆjvGii gvaÅGg Zv evwZj Kiv nq| ‰ mvKzÆjvGii gvaÅGg miKvwi KgÆKZÆvG`i gaÅ nGZ cÉkvmK wbGqvGMi weavb Kiv nq| wbqZ cwiewZÆZ mvKÆyjvimgƒGni gvaÅGg A¯¦eZÆxKvjxb mgGqi RbÅ Õ©vbxq miKvi cwil` MVGbi c«¬wZi wbG`Æk Kiv nq| ‰ c«¬wZGZ gvV cÉkvmGb ˆRjv chÆvq ‰es Zvi wbGPi cÉkvmwbK ‰KKmgƒnGK ivR‹bwZK `j wbiGcÞ ˆiGL Dî× cÉwZÓ¤vbmgƒGni KvhÆvewj cwiPvjbvi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv nq|

1975 mvGji 25 Rvbyqvwi ZrKvjxb miKvi msweavb msGkvaGbi gvaÅGg ‰KK ivR‹bwZK `j ‰es ivÓ¡ËcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eÅeÕ©v Pvjy KGi| ‰ msGkvaGbi gvaÅGg evsjvG`k K‡lK kÉwgK AvIqvgx jxM (evKkvj) bvGg ‰Kgvò RvZxq `j MVb Kiv nq| ‰K-`jxq kvmb cÉeZÆGbi cwiGcÉwÞGZ gvV cÉkvmb ‰es Õ©vbxq miKvimgƒGnI ivR‹bwZK cwieZÆGbi cÉfve ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| msweavb msGkvab (PZz^Æ msGkvabx) AvBb (1975 mvGji 2 bs AvBb) gƒGj wbeÆvwPZ Õ©vbxq miKvi c«¬wZGK wejyµ¦ ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| bZzb RvwiK‡Z ‰ c«¬wZGZ ˆRjv chÆvGqi gvV cÉkvmbGK ˆXGj mvRvGbv nq| cÉwZwU ˆRjvi cÉavb wnGmGe miKvwi KgÆKZÆv, RvZxq msm` m`mÅ ‰es evKkvj m`mÅG`i gaÅ nGZ ivÓ¡ËcwZ KZ‡ÆK ˆRjv MfbÆi wbGqvGMi weavb Kiv nq| mvivG`Gk ˆgvU ˆRjvi msLÅv 22 ˆ^GK 61-ˆZ D®²xZ nq| ˆRjv MfbÆiGK ˆRjvi mvaviY cÉkvmb ‰es ivRÕ¼ cÉkvmGbi cÉavb wnGmGe ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| Av`vjZ I Av`vjGZi wePviKvGR nÕ¦GÞc eÅwZGiGK ˆRjv MfbÆiGK ˆRjvq KgÆiZ mKj KgÆKZÆv ‰es KgÆPvixG`i KvhÆvewj Zî½veavb I wbq¯¨GYi ÞgZv ˆ`Iqv nq| bZzbfvGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z ‰ cÉkvmwbK c«¬wZGZ gvV cÉkvmGb ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cG` Avmxb nb| ˆRjv MfbÆGii AeZÆgvGb wZwb ˆRjv MfbÆi wnGmGe `vwqZ½ cvjGbi ÞgZv jvf KGib| 1975 mvGji 15 AvMÕ¡ msNwUZ ˆkvKven NUbvi dGj gvV cÉkvmGbi ‰B bZzb KgÆmƒwP KvhÆKi nGZ cvGi wb| 1975 mvGji 27 AvMÕ¡ RvwiK‡Z ‰K AwWÆbÅvG´Ö (1975 mvGji 45 bs AwWÆbÅv´Ö) cieZÆx miKvi ‰B ˆRjv cÉkvmb AvBb evwZj ˆNvlYv KGi|

1976 mvGj BDwbqb I ˆRjv chÆvGq wbeÆvPGbi weavb KGi bZzb Õ©vbxq miKvi AvBb Rvwi Kiv nq| ‰ AvBGb ^vbv chÆvGqi Õ©vbxq miKvi mÁ·GKÆ wKQy ejv nq wb| ‰ AvBGbi AvIZvq 1977 mvGj BDwbqb cwil` ‰es ˆcŒimfvmgƒGni wbeÆvPb AbywÓ¤Z nq| wK¯§ ˆRjv ˆevWÆ wbeÆvPb AbyÓ¤vGbi ˆKvb DG`ÅvM MÉnY Kiv nq wb| ‰i ˆ^GK ‰Uv myÕ·Ó¡ ˆh, gvV cÉkvmb lvGUi `kGK PvjyK‡Z ˆgŒwjK MYZG¯¨i cÉvq Abyi…cB ˆ^GK hvq|

mîGii `kGKi ˆklfvGM gvV cÉkvmGb `ywU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ cwieZÆb mƒwPZ nq| ‰i cÉ^gwU nGjv ^vbv KvDw´ÖGji cvkvcvwk ÷aygvò BDwbqb cwilG`i wbeÆvwPZ m`mÅG`i mg¯¼Gq cÉwZwU ^vbvq ^vbv D®²qb KwgwU MVb| Avi w«¼ZxqwU nGjv ÞgZvmxb ivR‹bwZK `Gji wbeÆvwPZ msm` m`mÅG`i gaÅ ˆ^GK ˆRjv D®²qb mg¯¼qKvix wbGqvM| ivR‹bwZKfvGe wbGqvMcÉvµ¦ ‰ mKj ˆRjv D®²qb mg¯¼qKvixG`i Dcg¯¨xi c`ghÆv`v ˆ`Iqv nq| 1982 mvGj mvgwiK evwnbx KZ‡ÆK ÞgZv `Lj ‰es mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi miKvGii gvV cÉkvmb msò×v¯¦ mgÕ¦ cixÞv-wbixÞvi Aemvb NUvq| AbÅw`GK  mvgwiK AvBb Rvwii ci Õ©vbxq miKvi cÉkvmGb msÕ•vGii bvGg bZzb KGi cixÞv-wbixÞv ÷i‚ nq| gvV cÉkvmbB gƒjZ ‰ msÕ•vGii ˆÞò wnGmGe wPwn×Z nq| ‰i gvaÅGg (K) ‰K kZGKiI `xNÆ mgq aGi cÉPwjZ gvV cÉkvmGbi ‰KK gnKzgvi wejywµ¦ NUvGbv nq; (L) ^vbvi mvweÆK gvb D®²xZ Kiv nq ‰es D®²xZ ^vbv cÉkvmbGK wbq¯¨Y I D®²qb Dfq  aiGbi ÞgZv cÉ`vb Kiv nq; (M) cÉvPxb gnKzgvàwjGK ˆRjvq i…cv¯¦i Kiv nq| wK¯§ ‰ i…cv¯¦Gii mGã mGã beMwVZ ˆRjv chÆvGq ˆKvb Õ©vbxq miKvi cÉwZÓ¤vb MVb Kiv nq wb; (N) Õ©vbxq chÆvGq D®²qb cÉK͸ cÉYqb I evÕ¦evqb welGq wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGYi RbÅ ‰ AvBGbi gvaÅGg ^vbv KvDw´ÖjmgƒnGK eÅvcK ÞgZv cÉ`vb Kiv nq ‰es ^vbv KvDw´ÖjGK DcGRjv cwil` bvgKiY Kiv nq; (O) ^vbv KvDw´ÖGji ˆgŒwjK KvVvGgvGK AweK‡Z ivLv nq ‰es ‰GK RbmvaviGYi mivmwi ˆfvGU wbeÆvwPZ DcGRjv cwil` ˆPqvigÅvGbi wbq¯¨GY ˆbIqv nq; (P) ^vbv (DcGRjv) chÆvGq KgÆiZ wewf®² wefvGMi mKj KgÆKZÆvGK DcGRjv cwil` ˆPqvigÅvGbi cÉkvmwbK wbq¯¨GY ˆbqv nq| cÉkvmwbK msÕ•vGii Avi ‰KwU DGÍÏLGhvMÅ w`K nGjv ˆ`Iqvwb I ˆdŒR`vwi gvgjvi wePvGii RbÅ DcGRjv chÆvGq gyG´Öd I nvwKg (gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU) wbGqvM| AekÅ cÉkvmGbi wbq¯¨YgƒjK Ask h^v wePvi wefvM I cywjk DcGRjv cwil` ‰es ‰i wbeÆvwPZ ˆPqvigÅvGbi wbq¯¨GYi evBGi ivLv nq|

DcGivî× msÕ•vigƒjK KvhÆò×Ggi dGj mviv ˆ`Gk 64wU ˆRjvq 460wU DcGRjv cwilG`i m†wÓ¡ nq| ‰ msÕ•vi DcGRjv chÆvGq KgÆiZ wewf®² wefvGM wbGqvwRZ KgÆKZÆvG`i cÉkvmwbK wbq¯¨Y I ZvG`i KvhÆvewj Zî½veavGbi c«¬wZGZ ˆgŒwjK cwieZÆb Avbqb KGi| KgÆKZÆvG`i wbq¯¨GYi ÞgZv wbeÆvwPZ DcGRjv cwil` ˆPqvigÅvGbi Dci AcÆY Kiv nq| dGj DcGRjv chÆvGq KgÆiZ wewf®² wefvGMi KgÆKZÆve†±` DcGRjv cwil` ˆPqvigÅvb ‰es mswkÏÓ¡ wefvGMi ˆRjv chÆvGqi KgÆKZÆv ‰ `yRGbi Š«¼Z wbq¯¨Yfzî× nb| DcGRjv chÆvGq KgÆiZ KgÆKZÆvG`i e`wj I c`vqGbi ÞgZv mswkÏÓ¡ wefvM msiÞY KGi| ˆRjv chÆvGq ˆKvb wbeÆvwPZ cwil` MwVZ bv nIqvi dGj gvV cÉkvmGb cƒGeÆi cÉPwjZ c«¬wZ envj ^vGK| mKj gnKzgv ‰es KwZcq ^vbvGK ˆRjvq i…cv¯¦i Kivi dGj ˆRjvmgƒGni AvqZb AGbK ˆQvU nGq hvq| wK¯§ cÉwZwU bZzb ˆRjvq cƒeÆZb ˆRjvmgƒGni cÉkvmwbK KvVvGgvGK AÞzY³ ivLv nq| dGj gvV cÉkvmGb KgÆiZ miKvwi KgÆKZÆv/KgÆPvixi msLÅv eüjvsGk ˆeGo hvq| ‰fvGeB cÉkvmwbK ‰KKmgƒGni ˆfŒGMvwjK ‰jvKvi msÕ•vi mvab I cybMÆVb Kiv nq| ‰ cwieZÆGbi cwiGcÉwÞGZ ˆWcywU KwgkbvGii mGã DcGRjv cwilG`i mÁ·KÆGK bZzb KGi msævwqZ Kivi cÉGqvRb ˆ`Lv ˆ`q|

Õ©vbxq miKvi AvBGb DcGRjv cwil` ˆPqvigÅvGbi ÞgZvi AceÅenvi, Am`vPiY BZÅvw` msò×v¯¦ AwfGhvGMi cwiGcÉwÞGZ ˆRjv cÉkvmGKi Z`¯¦ Kivi ÞgZv AÞzY³ ivLv nq| ˆRjv cÉkvmGKi mfvcwZGZ½ MwVZ ‰KvwaK KwgwUGZ DcGRjv cwil` ˆPqvigÅvbG`i m`mÅ ivLv nq ‰es Dî× KwgwUmgƒGn m`mÅ wnGmGe DcGRjv cwil` ˆPqvigÅvbG`i DcwÕ©Z ^vKGZ nq| ‰gbwK ˆRjv cÉkvmKG`i DcGRjv cwil` `µ¦i ‰es cÉK͸ cwi`kÆGbi ÞgZvI AcÆY Kiv nq| ‰ aiGbi gvV cÉkvmb I Õ©vbxq miKvi c«¬wZ cÉvq 5 eQiKvj Pvjy ^vGK| ‰ mgGq ˆKG±`Ê ivÓ¡ËcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cÉwZwÓ¤Z wQj| wK¯§ cieZÆx mgGq ˆK±`Êxq miKvGii wei‚G«¬ eÅvcK MYweGÞvGfi dGj ˆ`Gk ivR‹bwZK AwÕ©iZvi m†wÓ¡ nq ‰es Zv 1991 mvGj miKvGii cwieZÆb mƒPbv KGi| ‰i cwiGcÉwÞGZ cieZÆx mgGq miKvi c«¬wZiI cwieZÆb nq| ˆKG±`Ê ivÓ¡ËcwZ kvwmZ miKvGii cwieGZÆ gw¯¨cwil` kvwmZ miKvi c«¬wZ Pvjy nq|

evsjvG`k RvZxqZvev`x `Gji (we‰bwc) ˆbZ‡GZ½ MwVZ miKvi Õ©vbxq miKvi AvBbGK AevwèZ wnGmGe evwZj KGi| dGj gvV cÉkvmb 1982 mvGji AvGMi AeÕ©vq wdGi hvq| wK¯§ BGZvgGaÅ bZzbfvGe cÉwZwÓ¤Z ˆRjvi AvqZb ‰es msLÅv cƒGeÆi gGZvB ˆ^GK hvq| DcGRjvGK cybivq ^vbv bvgKiY Kiv nq| wK¯§ c`vqbK‡Z KgÆKZÆve†±` ˆmLvGbB KgÆiZ ^vGKb| DcGRjv wbeÆvnx AwdmviGK (BD.‰b.I) ^vbv wbeÆvnx Awdmvi (wU.‰b.I) wnGmGe cybtbvgKiY Kiv nq|

AvIqvgx jxGMi kvmbvgGj (1996-2001) ‘DcGRjv cwil` AvBb, 1998’ cvm nq| ‰ AvBb cÉYqGbi cƒGeÆ miKvi Õ©vbxq c«¬wZ wbaÆviYKG͸ ‰KwU Kwgkb MVb KGi| ‰ Kwgkb 1997 mvGj ‰KwU cÉwZGe`b ˆck KGi| Dî× cÉwZGe`Gb BDwbqb, ^vbv I ˆRjv chÆvGq wbeÆvwPZ cwil` MVGbi mycvwik Kiv nq| ‰ QvovI Kwgkb MÉvg chÆvGq wbeÆvwPZ MÉvg cwil` MVGbiI mycvwik KGi| ‰ cwilG` wbeÆvwPZ ˆPqvigÅvb I m`mÅG`i evBGi miKvwi KgÆKZÆv KgÆPvix, h^v K‡wl mÁcÉmviY wefvGMi eÐK mycvifvBRvi, Õ¼vÕ©Å I cwievi cwiK͸bv mnKvwi ‰es IqvWÆ chÆvGq KgÆiZ AbÅvbÅ wefvGMi miKvwi KgÆKZÆv/KgÆPvix, gywî×Ghv«¬v ‰es myweav ewçZ RbGMvÓ¤xi cÉwZwbwa ivLvi mycvwik Kiv nq| KwgwUi m`mÅ miKvwi KgÆKZÆv/KgÆPvixG`i ˆKvb ˆfvUvwaKvi ^vKGe bv| BDwbqGbi RbÅI cÉvq Abyi…c cwil` MVb Kivi cGÞ Kwgkb mycvwik KGi|

^vbv chÆvGqi Õ©vbxq miKviGK gƒjZ cƒeÆZb DcGRjv c«¬wZGZ wdwiGq ˆbqvi c`GÞc ˆbqv nq| ZGe ^vbv cwilG` mswkÏÓ¡ ^vbv ‰jvKvi wbeÆvwPZ msm` m`mÅGK DcG`Ó¡v wnGmGe A¯¦fzÆî× ivLvi weavb Kiv nq| ‰i dGj ^vbv chÆvGqi gvV cÉkvmGb KwZcq cwieZÆb mn cybivq DcGRjv eÅeÕ©vi cÉeZÆb Kiv nq| 1998 mvGji DcGRjv AvBGbi gvaÅGg 64wU ˆRjvq ˆgvU 463wU DcGRjv cwil` MVGbi eÅeÕ©v Kiv nq| bZzb ‰ AvBGbi ŠewkÓ¡Å nGjv msweavGbi 152(1) AbyGœQG`i AaxGb DcGRjvGK cÉkvmwbK ‰KK wnGmGe ˆNvlYv Kiv| ‰GZ AviI ejv nq ˆh, gvV chÆvGq KgÆiZ wewf®² wefvGMi KgÆKZÆvMY DcGRjv cwilG`i wbq¯¨Y I Zî½veavGb `vwqZ½ cvjb KiGeb| ‰ AvBGb DcGRjv cwil`GK `kwU wefvGMi ^vbv chÆvGqi cÉavb KgÆKZÆvi KgÆZrciZvi weeiY mÁ·GKÆ evwlÆK ˆMvcbxq cÉwZGe`b ˆck Kivi ÞgZv AcÆY Kiv nq| AekÅ cywjk I wePvi wefvMGK DcGRjv cwilG`i AvIZv ewnf„ÆZ ivLv nq| wewf®² wefvGMi KgÆKZÆvG`i RbÅ (wefvMxq cÉavb) ‰ AvBGb DcGRjv cwilG`i mfvmgƒGn DcwÕ©Z ˆ^GK mswkÏÓ¡ welGq gZvgZ cÉ`vGbi gvaÅGg DcGRjv cwil`GK mnvqZv Kiv evaÅZvgƒjK Kiv nq| wK¯§ DcGRjv cwilG`i KgÆKZÆv m`mÅe†±` cwil` mfvq wm«¬v¯¦ MÉnGYi ˆÞGò ˆfvU w`GZ cviGeb bv|

PëMÉvg cveÆZÅ ˆRjvmgƒGni cÉkvmb c«¬wZ ˆ`Gki AbÅvbÅ ‰jvKvi gvV cÉkvmGbi Zzjbvq wf®²Zi| weËwUk JcwbGewkK kvmGb fviGZi wewf®² Açj wbqw¯¨Z I Awbqw¯¨Z cÉG`k ‰ `y’fvGM wefî× wQj| wbqw¯¨Z cÉG`kmgƒGni ˆRjv cÉkvmb ‰es gvV cÉkvmb wewf®² mgGq weËwUk cÉYxZ AvBb «¼viv wbqw¯¨Z nGZv| evsjvi eG±`veÕ¦K‡Z ‰jvKvmgƒn, gv`ËvR I ˆevGÁ¼ wQj ‰B wbqw¯¨Z cÉG`kmgƒGni AvIZvfzî×| AbÅw`GK weËwUkG`i bZzb AwaK‡Z ‰jvKv wQj Awbqw¯¨Z cÉG`kfzî×| ‰ ‰jvKvi mvgwMÉK AeÕ©v wQj ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe Akv¯¦ ‰es AvBb-k†›Ljv wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ wbqw¯¨Z ‰jvKvi Zzjbvq cÉkvmKG`i ˆewk KGi ŠÕ¼iZvw¯¨K ÞgZvi cÉGqvRb wQj| Awbqw¯¨Z cÉG`kmgƒGn ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙiG`i c`we wQj ˆWcywU Kwgkbvi ev ˆRjv cÉkvmK|

1947 mvGji AvGM ZrKvjxb Avmvg cÉG`Gki A¯¦MÆZ wmGjU ˆRjvq ‰es cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg ˆRjvq ˆRjv cÉkvmK KgÆiZ wQGjb| 1960 mvGj mKj ˆRjv gÅvwRGÕ¡ËU I KvGjÙiGK ˆRjv cÉkvmK bvGg cybtbvgKiY Kiv nq| ‰i cGiI cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg ˆRjvq Awbqw¯¨Z cÉkvmwbK eÅeÕ©v AÞzY³ ^vGK| ‰ ˆRjv ‘cveÆZÅ PëMÉvg ˆRjv ˆiàGjkb, 1900’ (1900 mvGji 1 bs AvBb) «¼viv cwiPvwjZ nGZv| PëMÉvg ˆRjvi ˆRjv cÉkvmK ‰es PëMÉvg wefvMxq KwgkbvGii ÞgZv I KZ‡ÆZ½ ˆ`Gki AbÅvbÅ AsGki ˆRjv cÉkvmK I KwgkbviG`i Zzjbvq eüjvsGk c†^K wQj| cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi ˆRjv cÉkvmK ˆdŒR`vwi I ˆ`Iqvwb wePvi ÞgZv ‰es AbÅvbÅ mswkÏÓ¡ welGq KZ‡ÆZ½ cÉGqvGMi AwaKvix wQGjb (1900 mvGji 1 bs AvBGbi 7 bs wewa)| Abyi…cfvGe PëMÉvg cveÆZÅ Açj wbGq `vqiv wefvM MVb Kiv nq ‰es PëMÉvGgi wefvMxq Kwgkbvi Dî× `vqiv wefvGMi wePviK (RR) wnGmGe `vwqZ½ cvjb KGi ^vGKb| `vqiv RR wnGmGe wefvMxq KwgkbviGK ˆdŒR`vwi KvhÆwewai AvIZvq nvBGKvGUÆi mKj ÞgZvI AcÆY Kiv nq| Dci¯§ ewYÆZ AvBGbi 9 bs weavb Abyhvqx `vqiv RR wnGmGe wefvMxq Kwgkbvi g†ZzÅ`´£ ˆNvlYv KiGj nvBGKvGUÆi cwieGZÆ cÉvG`wkK miKvGii AbyGgv`b mvGcGÞ KvhÆKi Kivi weavb wQj| ‰ weavb Abyhvqx cveÆZÅ PëMÉvgGK 1861 mvGji cywjk AvBGbi msævbyhvqx cywjkx ˆRjv wnGmGe ˆNvlYv Kiv nq| cƒeÆevsjvi cywjk gnv-cwi`kÆKGK PëMÉvg cveÆZÅ ˆRjvq gnv-cwi`kÆGKi Dci AwcÆZ ÞgZv cÉGqvGMi KZ‡ÆZ½ cÉ`vb Kiv nq|

cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGg gvV cÉkvmGb KgÆiZ cÉkvmwbK KgÆKZÆvG`i ‰B eÅvcK cÉkvmwbK I wePvi wefvMxq ÞgZv A`Åvewa cÉvq ‰KBi…Gc envj iGqGQ| AekÅ AbÅvbÅ chÆvGq, weGkl KGi Õ©vbxq miKvi MVGb ‰es cveÆZÅ PëMÉvGgi cvnvwo RbGMvÓ¤xGK cÉkvmGb mÁ·†î× Kivi ˆÞGò ˆek wKQz cwieZÆb Avbv nGqGQ| cÉ^g cwieZÆb nGjv 1989 mvGj cveÆZÅ PëMÉvgGK wefvRGbi gvaÅGg wZbwU ˆRjvq wZbwU c†^K Õ©vbxq miKvi KvDw´Öj MVb| cveÆZÅ ˆRjvmgƒGn MwVZ ‰ wZbwU Õ©vbxq miKvi KvDw´Öj 1889 mvGji 19, 20 ‰es 21 bs AvBbeGj MVb Kiv nGqGQ| Dî× AvBGbi weavbgGZ cveÆZÅ ˆRjvmgƒGn MwVZ ˆRjv cwil`mgƒGni cÉavb wbeÆvnx DcRvZxq RbGMvÓ¤xi gaÅ nGZ cÉZÅÞ ˆfvGU wbeÆvwPZ nGeb ‰es m`mÅG`i gvGS DcRvZxq ‰es A-DcRvZxq Dfq RbGMvÓ¤xi cÉZÅÞ ˆfvGU wbeÆvwPZ cÉwZwbwa ^vKGeb| ˆRjv cÉkvmK c`vwaKvi eGj Dî× cwilG`i mwPe wnGmGe `vwqZ½ cvjb KiGeb|